麻豆社事件

As a social studies teacher in Detroit in 1994, Khalid el-Hakim used African American artifacts he collected to supplement information about Black history he found lacking in middle school textbooks.

It was a charge, el-Hakim says, by Minister Louis Farrakhan at the Million Man March in 1995 to men to go back to their cities and 鈥渏oin a community organization and try to make some type of contribution to our community,鈥� that was the catalyst to start a mobile museum.

El-Hakim went from having tabletop displays at meetings of the local organization he joined to setting up exhibits for various organizations and institutions鈥攆irst throughout the city and then across the state and nationwide.

His Black History 101 Mobile Museum travels throughout the year from coast to coast sharing African American history through the ages鈥攆rom the trans-Atlantic slave trade to the Civil War, Reconstruction, Jim Crow, the civil rights and Black Power movements, hip-hop and Black Lives Matter鈥攚ith artifacts he鈥檚 collected from around the globe.

鈥淚 came to learn that not only are my students missing Black history, but there鈥檚 a whole bunch of people who have not been exposed to Black history,鈥� el-Hakim says. 鈥淎s word spread about the museum and the visibility grew on a national level, the audience grew well beyond my expectations鈥攊n size and diversity.鈥�

Today, the mobile museum鈥檚 attendees get to experience the exhibits free of charge at the expense of host institutions that bring in el-Hakim at a nominal fee.

Before the museum鈥檚 , which began last month and will exhibit artifacts from 1968, el-Hakim and I chatted briefly about the museum, its significance today, and the impact he believes it鈥檚 making.

Zenobia Jeffries: What made you start collecting?

Khalid el-Hakim: I started collecting in 1991 after taking a sociology class with David Pilgrim at Ferris State University. He鈥檚 the one who started the Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. I took his class, prior to him starting his museum. He was just a collector at the time, and he was using artifacts to teach about the history of racism in America. I found that his methodology of using artifacts to teach about very controversial subjects like racism was an effective way of teaching about racism.

But to teach that without the context of other people at the time and seeing how they were responding to White supremacy and racism, it just made more sense to include other material.

So, I took it to a different level [to show] what Booker T. Washington or W.E.B. Dubois or other individuals were doing during the Jim Crow era. It just made more of a powerful impact for me to see Aunt Jemima imagery next to somebody like a Paul Laurence Dunbar, and what he was doing at the time. So, I just started collecting everything that had something to do with the Black experience in America.

Jeffries: How do you decide what items you鈥檙e going to exhibit?

el-Hakim: So, the exhibits are tabletop exhibits. They鈥檙e usually about 10 tables of 150鈥�200 artifacts. Themes have emerged over the years based on the growth and diversity of the collection.

In the early years it was just a wide array of material in one big exhibit. I decided to make thematic exhibits to be more nuanced in my approach to teaching history and to amplify the artifacts that may otherwise be overlooked in a larger exhibit. Currently, we have the following themes: women, hip-hop, Jim Crow, civil rights/Black Power, music, leadership, sports, and science/technology.

For 鈥�68, it鈥檚 the 50th anniversary of Dr. Martin Luther King鈥檚 assassination, so there鈥檚 a lot of King material in the exhibit. Also you have the 1968 Olympics with Tommie Smith and John Carlos, as well as musical performers of that year, like Sly and the Family Stone, Jimmy Hendricks, James Brown鈥檚 鈥淪ay it Loud I鈥檓 Black and I鈥檓 Proud.鈥�

Aretha Franklin, Ike and Tina Turner.

Shirley Chisholm runs that year [becoming the first black woman elected to the United States Congress]. I got Angela Davis pieces, Adam Clayton Powell pieces. In terms of sports, we got Arthur Ashe, Muhammad Ali. So, it鈥檚 material that represents music, politics, it鈥檚 a very diverse collection of material.

We build on the historical context of the time, starting with the trans-Atlantic slave trade.

Jeffries: Where do you get your pieces?

el-Hakim: The majority of the pieces come from me going into antique shops and used bookstores, and record shops鈥攏ot just in the Detroit area. One of the ways I was able to travel to so many different places [and pick up so much material] is because I worked in the entertainment business for 20 years touring with hip-hop groups and poets.

So, anytime I was on tour, around the United States, or overseas鈥攊n Europe, Australia鈥擨 was able to go into different antique shops when those guys were out doing whatever.

Jeffries: What would you say has been your most impactful exhibit, or is your most impactful artifact?

el-Hakim: All of them are. We build on the historical context of the time, starting with the trans-Atlantic slave trade. So, there鈥檚 original shackles in the exhibit, and there鈥檚 original advertisements for the runaway enslaved Africans.

There鈥檚 Jim Crow-related material. There are things from the Reconstruction era. There are original photos of lynchings, and postcards of lynchings that are very emotional. The Mammy images, the alligator bait phenomenon in America is represented. There鈥檙e a lot of different types of material.

Jeffries: What is the rarest? Something where folks are like, 鈥淥h my God, how did you get that?鈥�

el-Hakim: A lot of the exhibits are original documents signed by historical figures. So, I have documents signed by Frederick Douglas, Booker T. Washington, George Washington Carver, Carter G. Woodson. W.E.B. DuBois, Marcus Garvey, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Rosa Parks, Mary McLeod Bethune, Angela Davis.

And then from hip-hop: Ice T, Chuck D, KRS-One, MC Lyte, Yo-Yo, Ice Cube. I have original photographs of Tribe Called Quest. Everybody from Busta Rhymes to Redman and Method Man.

There鈥檚 a lot of rare material. I have a collection of hip-hop photography from Ernie Paniccioli, who鈥檚 considered to be hip-hop鈥檚 pioneer photographer. I guess he would be the Gordon Parks of hip-hop, if you can say that. I have about 60 or 70 original photographs from him, of everybody from Queen Latifah to 17-year-old Jay Z and young Kanye West.

I have a lot of stuff from the Black Panther Party: original photographs, newspapers, coats.

Original artifacts and photographs from the Nation of Islam鈥攅arly years. Letters written by the Honorable Elijah Muhammad. I have a very early letter written by Minister Farrakhan from the 鈥�50s when he was still Louis X, a minister in Boston.

There鈥檚 a lot of very unique material. I even have clothing items. I have a hat from Aretha Franklin. I have one of Minster Farrakhan鈥檚 suits.

I have some things from the Jackson 5, stuff signed by Michael Jackson. Michael Jackson dolls. Things from just about every era, from slavery to hip-hop.

Having that social-political context in hip-hop is what informed me, informed my work.

Jeffries: Why is there such a heavy focus of items on hip-hop? 

el-Hakim: Hip-hop is what informed me in the 鈥�80s growing up. My sense of Black history came from listening to groups like Public Enemy and KRS-One, and Queen Latifah, and Ice Cube. Having that social-political context in hip-hop is what informed me, informed my work.

I wouldn鈥檛 have known who Assata Shakur is if I didn鈥檛 listen to Public Enemy. If I didn鈥檛 listen to KRS-One鈥檚 By All Means Necessary album, I wouldn鈥檛 have picked up and read the Autobiography of Malcolm X back in the 鈥�80s. So, I see a direct connection between my experience, listening to hip-hop, then reaching back studying Black history.

Jeffries: Are the responses you鈥檙e getting now any different from what you were getting before Trump?

el-Hakim: I think it鈥檚 more real to people now that Trump is in office. Prior to Trump you could see some of this material and you would think that you were kind of disconnected from it. Because I have a lot of White supremacist and KKK material. I have an original Klan hood, and Klan bumper stickers, business cards, original photographs from the Klan.

But over the past year, you have a lot of people seeing it and making that connection between Trump and his supporters, and how there鈥檚 very much of a White supremacist undertone to a lot of the campaigning that went on, and what you鈥檙e seeing at some of the rallies and in some of the speeches that he鈥檚 doing. His response to Charlottesville. So you see it. It鈥檚 more real to people now.

Jeffries: Do they make that connection on their own by seeing the artifacts, or do you make that connection in your program/lecture?

el-Hakim: Really it鈥檚 just me presenting the materials so that people can make their own interpretations through their own lived experiences.

I can鈥檛 dismiss somebody鈥檚 lived experience. If your experience is based upon the fact that you鈥檙e a Black man and you have been a victim of police brutality, or you have been a victim of some type of racism, I can鈥檛 deny that. So if you see this material and the way you respond to it is based on your lived experience, then we can use that as an opportunity to talk about your experience and how it relates to those artifacts.

And then on the flip side, if you walk through that exhibit, like [what] happened in Pennsylvania just a few years ago, and you鈥檙e a White female college student, and you walk into that exhibit and you start crying because you see KKK material. And because of your lived experience of seeing your father and your grandfather as Klansmen, and this material that you see represented in this is exhibit is what you see at home every day. I can鈥檛 minimize or disregard that being your lived experience.

Jeffries: What do you hope your attendees take away?

el-Hakim: I want us first and foremost to become critical thinkers, which is key.

I don鈥檛 want this to be just information that I鈥檓 giving people and they getting my opinion. I want them to see the material interpret it for themselves. Ask critical questions and have dialogue with me, and other people who are in the space.

I also want to spark people to go out and start their own research. If you see a name that you haven鈥檛 seen before, or an object that just resonates with you鈥攁nd one thing I鈥檝e learned is that different artifacts will resonate with different people based on their lived experience鈥擨 want you to walk away and do your own research, and learn something that you did not know about history already.